Univariate analysis (OR) showed that different sexes as well as each age group were as likely as the reference group to develop PAT (all CIs included 1.00). There was no significant difference in the occurrence of PAT between sexes (P=0.117) or among the various age groups (P=0.952). Out of 88 recordings of PAT, 49 had unilocular and 39 had multilocular patterns.Īge and sex distributions and presence of PAT in each of the subgroups are presented in Table 1. Most of the PAT cases in this study had a unilocular pattern. The PAT was recorded in 64 patients including 41 females and 23 males with a mean age of 35.11 years ranging from 19 to 69 years PAT was unilateral in 40 individuals and bilateral in 24 individuals. The mean age of female patients was 33.23☑2.43 years and the mean age of males was 35.64☑3.24 years. 1 and and2 2).Ī total of 3,098 PRs belonging to 1,735 females and 1,363 males were retrospectively investigated. Multilocular PAT was identified as numerous, radiolucent small cavities ( Figs. Unilocular PAT as in the Tyndall and Matteson study was identified as a single radiolucent oval defect with well-defined bony borders. Diagnosis of PAT was made if the defect was located in the articular tubercle as well-defined unilocular or multilocular radiolucencies. All radiographs were taken with a digital panoramic machine, at exposure settings of 80 kVp and 18 mAs (Proline Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland).Īll radiographs were assessed concomitantly by two oral and maxillofacial radiologists in a quiet room with ambient light under standard viewing conditions on a monitor (Flatron 17″, LG, Seoul, South Korea) for the presence and pattern of PAT. Complete calcification of cortical borders of temporomandibular joint may not be completed until 20 years of age thus, PRs of patients younger than 19 years were not included in this study. The following conditions were considered as the exclusion criteria: cases in which the articular tubercle was not adequately seen because of technical errors or anatomical reasons and also cases with positive history of fracture or developmental anomalies. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 3,098 PRs which had been taken for routine dental examination and fulfilled the study criteria belonging to 1,735 females and 1,363 males were retrospectively investigated for the presence and radiographic features of PAT as a unilocular or multilocular radiolucency. įor the first time, the common characteristics of the PAT of the temporal bone were identified and included: The term PAT was coined by Tyndall and Matteson in 1985 to describe accessory air cells that occur in the root of zygomatic arch and in the articular eminence of the temporal bone. He reported 10 locations within the temporal bone where accessory air cells could be found including the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. Īccording to Gunnel, the first report of PAT was by Tremble in 1934, whose interest was the examination of the anatomic basis for spread of infections within the temporal bone. The recognition of these air cells is not just important from an epidemiological aspect but also from a surgical perspective. Pneumatization of the temporal bone can be divided into five regions namely the middle ear, mastoid (squamomastoid), perilabyrinthine, petrous apex and accessory.ĭistribution and pattern of temporal bone pneumatization have been previously discussed in the literature. In addition to the paranasal sinuses, air filled (or pneumatized) cavities may be present in various locations in the skull and also in the temporal bones. Zygomatic process, which is a part of squamous portion that joins the zygomatic bone, forms the articular tubercle and glenoid fossa. These segments are the squamous, tympanic, mastoid, styloid and petrous (pyramid). They are derived from five separate ossification centers that fuse after birth. The temporal bones (temple) form the lateral walls of the cranial vault and contribute to the zygomatic arches.
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